Intro; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; 1 General Introduction and Nanoscale View of the Cell; 1.1 What is a Cell?; 1.2 Optophysics to Discover Cells; 1.3 Cell Imaging; 1.3.1 Cell's General View Under Microscope; 1.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy to Observe Cell Surface Landscapes; 1.3.3 Confocal Imaging to Observe Cell Substances; 1.4 Cell Measurements; 1.4.1 Cell Mass; 1.4.2 Electrical Measurements; 1.4.2.1 Membrane Potential; 1.4.2.2 Resting Potential; 1.4.2.3 Resting Potential and Neuron Membrane; 1.4.2.4 Action Potential; 1.4.2.5 Membrane as a Capacitor.
1.4.2.6 Excitability and the State of Membrane Potential1.5 Small Scales of Cell and Physics of Life; 1.6 Synthesis of Cell; 1.6.1 Creation of Quasi-Cellular System and Detection of System Constructs; 1.6.2 Practical Creation and Commercial Breakthrough; 1.7 Physical States of Cell; 1.7.1 Solid-State Structure; 1.7.2 Liquid-State Structure; 1.7.3 Plasma-State Structure; 1.7.4 Cell Fluid Chemical States and the Consequent Influences on States of the Structures; 1.8 Femtochemistry to Watch Cell-Based Molecular Conditions and Interactions in Real Time.
1.8.1 DNA Damage Detection Using Femtochemistry Approaches1.8.2 Femtochemistry Approaches Help Discover Novel Compounds to Target Cells; References; 2 Cell Surface Dynamics; 2.1 Topology of the Cell Surface; 2.1.1 Basic Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Model; 2.1.2 Latest Status of the Fluid-Mosaic Membrane Models; 2.2 Dynamics of Membrane Domains; 2.2.1 Membrane Domains and Lipid Rafts-General Aspects and Roles in Cell Signaling; 2.2.2 Domains and Rafts in Simulated Membranes Containing Cholesterol; 2.2.3 Membrane Domains and Lipid Rafts-Diffusion and Dynamics.
2.2.4 Size and Stability of Domains and Rafts on Detection of Diffusion and Dynamics2.3 Bacterial Membrane Domains and Lipid Rafts: Distribution and Dynamics; References; 3 Cell Surface Diffusion and Adsorption; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Diffusion of Cell Surface Adsorbates to Target Random Locations on Surface Lattice Structures; 3.2.1 General Background; 3.2.2 Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems; 3.2.3 Computer Simulation Addressing NP Diffusion on Cell Surface; 3.2.3.1 Computer Simulation Techniques; 3.2.3.2 Proposed Conditions for Developing the Computational Algorithms.
3.2.3.3 Theoretical Function Representation: Generalized Formulation of the Frequency Graph3.2.3.4 Probability of NP-CH Interactions; 3.2.4 Developing Algorithms; 3.2.5 Concluding Remarks; 3.3 Cell Surface Movement of Viruses and Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles and Their Cell Entry Mechanisms; 3.3.1 Single-Particle Tracking as Cell Internalization Assessment; 3.3.2 Kinetics and Dynamics of Single Nanoparticles in Living Cells; 3.3.3 Mechanisms of Viral Entry into Cells; 3.3.4 Tracking the Viral Entry into Cells; 3.4 Cell-Penetrating Peptides and Cell Uptake Mechanisms.
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Macroscopic cellular structures and functions are generally investigated using biological and biochemical approaches. But these methods are no longer adequate when one needs to penetrate deep into the small-scale structures and understand their functions. The cell is found to hold various physical structures, molecular machines, and processes that require physical and mathematical approaches to understand and indeed manipulate them. Disorders in general cellular compartments, perturbations in single molecular structures, drug distribution therein, and target specific drug-binding, etc. are mostly physical phenomena. This book will show how biophysics has revolutionized our way of addressing the science and technology of nanoscale structures of cells, and also describes the potential for manipulating the events that occur in them.