Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction: The E3/EU Iran Group -- pt. I Theory and History -- 2. The Theory: Lead Groups and EU Foreign Policy-Making -- 3. The History: The 2003 -- 16 Iran Nuclear Crisis -- pt. II The Creation and Endurance of the E3/EU -- 4. The Bargain: How the E3/EU Came About -- 5. The Discourse: Why the E3/EU Endured -- pt. III The E3/EU in Action -- 6. The Premise: The Underneath Continuity in the E3/EU's Iran Policy -- 7. The Action/1: E3 Leadership and EU Ownership -- 8. The Action/2: The E3/EU and the United States -- 9. The Outcome: The E3/EU as Identity Shapers -- 10. Conclusion: The E3/EU and EU Foreign Policy.
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This book investigates the European involvement in managing the nuclear dispute with Iran, shedding new light on EU foreign policy-making. The author focuses on the peculiar format through which the EU managed Iran's nuclear issue: a 'lead group' consisting of France, Germany and the UK and the High Representative for EU foreign policy (E3/EU). The experience of the E3/EU lends credibility to the claim that lead groups give EU foreign policy direction and substance. The E3/EU set up a negotiating framework that worked as a de-escalating tool, a catalyst for Security Council unity and a forum for crisis management. They inflicted pain on Iran by adopting a comprehensive sanctions regime, but did so only having secured US commitment to a diplomatic solution. Once the deal was reached, they defended it vigorously. The E3/EU may have been supporting actors, but their achievements were real.