Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: Historical Perspective of Occult Spinal Dysraphism; Introduction to Spinal Dysraphism; Early Accounts and Descriptions; Forms of Occult Spinal Dysraphia; Tethered Cord and Filum Terminale Syndrome; Split Cord Malformation; Dysraphia Since the Mid Twentieth Century; Conclusion; References; 2: Embryology of Occult Spinal Dysraphisms; Normal Early Human Neural Development; Blastogenesis, Gastrulation, and Early Notochord Formation; Primary Neurulation; Secondary Neurulation; Junctional Neurulation; Ascent of the Conus Medullaris
3: Natural History of Occult Spinal DysraphismIntroduction; Background; Overview of the Natural History of OSD; Established Principles of the OSD Natural History; Central Questions Regarding the Natural History of OSD; Natural History of Dermal Sinus Tracts; Natural History of Split Cord Malformations; Natural History of Spinal Cord Lipomas; The Way Forward; Surgical Decision-Making; Future Directions: Investigation and Study Design; References; 4: Cutaneous Stigmata and the Occult Spinal Dysraphisms; Introduction; Hemangiomas and Vascular Nevi; Hypertrichosis and Focal Hirsutism
Associated SyndromesConclusions; References; 7: Adult Presentations/Outcomes of Occult Spinal Dysraphism; Introduction; Tethered Cord Syndrome in Adults; Pathophysiology of TCS; Sex and Age; Clinical Presentation; Associated Malformations; Diagnosis of Adults with TCS; Other Adult OSD Forms; Split Cord Malformation (SCM) and Diastematomyelia; Lipomyelomeningocele, Lipomeningocele, and Spinal Lipoma; Tight Filum Terminale Syndrome; Terminal Myelocystoceles; Spinal Neurenteric Cysts; Dermal Sinus Tract; Meningocele Manqué; Standard Management of Adult OSD; Surgical Procedure
Embryogenesis of Dysraphic MalformationsIncomplete Dysjunction: Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis, Fibroneural Stalks, and Dermal Sinus Tracts; Premature Dysjunction: Spinal Lipomas/Lipomyelomeningocelees; Disordered Gastrulation: Combined Spina Bifida, Split Cord Malformations, Neurenteric Cysts, and Complex Dysraphic Malformations; Disorders of Secondary Neurulation: Terminal Myelocystocele; Anomalies Resulting from Failure of Caudal Neuraxial Development: Caudal Agenesis; Disorders of Retrogressive Differentiation or Apoptotic Cell Death: Retained Medullary Cord; Conclusion; References
Subcutaneous LipomasDermal Sinuses; Human Tails; Other Lesions; Conclusion; References; 5: The Filum Terminale; History; The Filum Terminale and Tethered Spinal Cord; Embryology; Anatomy; Filum Terminale Internum; Filum Terminale Externum; Variations; Pathology; Tethered Cord Syndrome; Fatty Infiltration; Duplicated Filum Terminale; Myxopapillary Ependymoma; Ventriculus Terminalis; Radiology; Surgery; Conclusion; References; 6: Clinical Presentations of the Occult Spinal Dysraphisms; Introduction; Cutaneous Stigmata; Infection; Neurologic Symptoms; Urologic Dysfunction; Orthopedic Deformities
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This volume covers the known details of all subtypes of occult spinal dysraphism in unprecedented detail. This 21 chapter invaluable resource begins with a deep dive into the history and embryology of occult spinal dysraphisms. Following this, subtypes of occult spinal dysraphism are thoroughly explored??? of which include split cord malformations, tethered cord syndromes, adult presentations/outcomes of occult spinal dysraphism, cutaneous stigmata. Chapters will cover the clinical presentation, radiological features, and surgical nuances of each of the occult spinal dysraphisms. Throughout the book, expertly written text is supplemented by a number of high quality figures and tables, as well as a video documenting surgical treatment of type 1 split cord malformation. By focusing on each entity currently grouped within this topic as a separate chapter, the most up-to-date information will be provided to the reader, making Occult Spinal Dysraphism a must-have resource for students, practitioners and medical professionals involved in treating spinal dsyraphism.