Sushrut S. Waikar, Patrick T. Murray, Ajay K. Singh, editors.
New York, NY, U.S.A. :
Springer,
[2018]
1 online resource
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Epidemiology and Diagnosis; 1: Epidemiology, Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury; 1.1 Background; 1.2 Epidemiology; 1.3 Risk Factors for the Development of AKI; 1.4 CKD, CVD and ESRD as Possible Outcomes After an Episode of AKI; 1.5 Risk Factors for Poor Outcomes Following AKI; 1.6 Potential Pathogenetic Mechanisms for AKI: CKD Transition; References; 2: Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury; 2.1 Diagnosis and Staging of AKI; 2.2 RIFLE Criteria
2.3 Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) Definition and Staging Criteria2.4 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Classification; 2.5 AKI Definition and Staging in Pediatric Patients; 2.6 Validation of AKI Definitions; 2.7 Limitations of the Current Definitions and Staging Criteria; 2.8 Use of AKI Definitions in Epidemiology and Clinical Research; 2.9 Utility of AKI Definitions and Staging in Clinical Care; References; 3: Diagnostic Approach: Differential Diagnosis, Physical Exam, Lab Tests, Imaging, and Novel Biomarkers; 3.1 Differential Diagnosis
3.1.1 Rethinking the Differential Diagnosis of AKI3.2 Physical Exam; 3.3 Lab Tests; 3.3.1 Blood Tests; 3.3.2 Urinary Test; 3.4 Imaging; 3.5 Novel Biomarkers; References; Part II: Pathophysiology; 4: Overview of Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury: Human Evidence, Mechanisms, Pathological Correlations and Biomarkers and Animal Models; 4.1 Introduction: Evidence of the Human Significance of Acute Kidney Injury; 4.2 Defining Acute Kidney Injury; 4.2.1 Traditional Acute Kidney Injury Descriptors; 4.2.2 Functional Descriptors: Serum Creatinine, SCr, and Oliguria
4.3 Aetiology of Acute Kidney Injury4.4 Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury; 4.4.1 Tubular Injury and Linked Biomarkers; 4.4.2 Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Associations; 4.4.3 Necrosis and Necroptosis; 4.4.4 Autophagic Cell Death; 4.4.5 Relationship Between Tubular Damage and Reduced GFR; 4.4.6 Endothelial and Vascular Injury; 4.4.7 Inflammation and the Immune Response; 4.5 Biomarkers; 4.5.1 Damage Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of AKI; 4.6 Novel Roles for Damage Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury; 4.6.1 Differential Diagnosis; 4.6.2 Biomonitoring Treatment Success or Failure
4.7 Recovery and Renal Reserve4.7.1 Maladaptive Healing and Chronic Kidney Disease; 4.8 Animal Models; References; 5: Tubular Physiology in Acute Kidney Injury: Cell Signalling, Injury and Inflammation; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Cell Polarity in AKI; 5.2.1 Acute Injury; 5.3 Cell Signalling in AKI; 5.3.1 Arachidonic Acid Metabolites; 5.3.2 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP); 5.3.3 Nitric Oxide; 5.3.4 Dopamine; 5.3.5 Angiotensin II; 5.3.6 Bradykinin; 5.4 Heme Oxygenase-1; 5.4.1 Heme Oxygenase and the Kidney; 5.4.2 Renal Blood Flow and the Microcirculation
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This comprehensive guide covers the causes, characteristics, and presentations of acute kidney injury (AKI), as well as prevention and treatment. The first part of the book features chapters on the epidemiology and diagnosis of AKI. This is followed by sections on pathophysiology, clinical syndromes and patient management. Authored by leading clinicians, epidemiologists, basic scientists, and clinical trialists, this book captures the latest evidence and best practices for treating patients with AKI.