Electrochemical Detection of Exocytosis: A Survey from Earliest Amperometry at Carbon Fiber Ultramicroelectrodes to Recent Integrated Systems. Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Metabolites. Electrochemical Nucleic Acid Aptamer-Based Biosensors. Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Nanohybrids: From Fundamental to Biological Architectures. Gold and Silver Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Immunosensors. Electrochemical DNA Sensors Based on Nanoparticles. Electroenzymatic Labeling for iImmunosensors and DNA Sensors. Conductometric Enzyme Biosensors. Impedance Immunosensors. Transduction of Biochemical Reactions by Use of Quantum Dots and Photocurrent Detection. Biosensors Based on Electrochemiluminescence. The Self-powered Biosensors based on Biofuel Cell.