عنوان

Frp Technology Fibre Reinforced Resin Systems.

9400987218

9789400987210

b594025

Frp Technology Fibre Reinforced Resin Systems.

[Book]

Weatherhead, R.

Springer Verlag

2013

18.8 Epoxide Resin Metering Equipment.- 18.9 Furane Spray Equipment.- Suppliers.- 19 Handling and Safety Precautions.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 General Precautions.- 19.2.1 Remedial measures.- 19.3 Epoxide Resins.- 19.4 Curing Agents.- 19.4.1 Aliphatic amines.- 19.4.2 Aromatic amines.- 19.4.3 Cycloaliphatic amines.- 19.4.4 Polyamide curing agents.- 19.4.5 Anhydride curing agents.- 19.4.6 Other curing agents.- 19.5 Furane Resins.- 19.6 Polyester Resins.- 19.7 Peroxide Catalysts.- 19.8 Fillers and Pigments.- 19.9 Barrier and Cleansing Creams.- 20 Test Specifications.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 Chemical Properties.- 20.2.1 Acid value of unsaturated polyester resins.- 20.2.2 Chemical resistance.- 20.2.3 Acetone extractables.- 20.2.4 Chlorine content.- 20.2.5 Epoxide content.- 20.2.6 Hydroxyl content of unsaturated polyester resins.- 20.2.7 Organic peroxides.- 20.2.8 Water resistance.- 20.3 Fire and Smoke Tests.- 20.3.1 Flammability tests.- 20.3.2 Smoke evolution tests.- 20.4 Mechanical Properties.- 20.4.1 Compressive strength and modulus.- 20.4.2 Flexural strength and modulus.- 20.4.3 Tensile strength and modulus.- 20.4.4 Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS).- 20.4.5 Impact strength.- 20.5 Physical Properties.- 20.5.1 Density and specific gravity.- 20.5.2 Gel time.- 20.5.3 Hardness-indentation.- 20.5.4 Shrinkage.- 20.5.5 Viscosity.- 20.6 Thermal Properties.- 20.6.1 Heat deflection temperature.- 20.6.2 Martens heat deflection temperature.- 20.6.3 Coefficient of expansion.- 20.6.4 Flash point.- 20.7 Electrical Properties.- 20.7.1 Arc resistance.- 20.7.2 Dielectric constant (permittivity) and power factor.- 20.7.3 Dielectric breakdown voltage and dielectric strength.- 20.7.4 Dust fog tracking and erosion.- 20.7.5 Volume and surface resistivity.- 20.8 Miscellaneous Test Specifications.- 20.8.1 Colour.- 20.8.2 Loss on ignition for GRP.- 20.8.3 Visual defects in mouldings.- 20.8.4 Reinforcements.- 20.8.5 General specifications.- References.- Appendices.- 1 Trade Names.- 2 General Material Suppliers.- 3 Company Names and Addresses.- 4 Units, Prefixes and Conversion Factors.

1 General Introduction.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Why Use FRP?.- 1.3 Which Resin?.- 1.4 Reinforcements.- 1.5 Process Development.- References.- 2 Designing in FRP.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Design.- 2.2.1 Material selection.- 2.2.2 Process selection.- 2.2.3 Section thickness.- 2.2.4 Flanges and corners.- 2.2.5 Inserts.- 2.3 Flat Sheets.- 2.4 Building and Cladding Panels.- 2.5 Hollow Structures.- References.- 3 Moulds.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Plaster Moulds.- 3.3 Wooden Moulds.- 3.4 GRP Moulds.- 3.4.1 Single one-part moulds.- 3.4.2 Split moulds.- 3.4.3 Matching moulds.- 3.5 Epoxide Resin Moulds.- 3.5.1 Single-stage casting.- 3.5.2 Two-stage casting.- 3.6 Steel Moulds.- 3.6.1 Hot press moulding.- 3.6.2 Centrifugal moulding.- 3.6.3 Transfer and injection moulding.- 3.6.4 Pultrusion.- 3.7 Aluminium Alloy Moulds.- 3.8 Nickel Shell Moulds.- 3.9 Other Moulds.- References.- Suppliers.- 4 Moulding Processes.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Contact Moulding-Wet Lay-up.- 4.2.1 Hand lay-up.- 4.2.2 Spray lay-up.- 4.3 Vacuum Bag Moulding.- 4.3.1 Wet lay-up.- 4.3.2 Prepreg systems.- 4.4 Pressure Bag Moulding.- 4.5 Resin Injection or Resin Transfer Moulding.- 4.6 Pressure Injection.- 4.7 Vacuum Impregnation and Injection.- 4.7.1 Vacuum impregnation.- 4.7.2 Vacuum injection moulding-Hoechst process.- 4.7.3 Vacuum injection-British Rail process.- 4.7.4 Monoforming.- 4.7.5 CSI process-Crystic Systems Ltd.- 4.8 Foam Reservoir Moulding.- 4.9 Cold Press Moulding.- 4.10 Hot Press/Matched Metal Moulding.- 4.10.1 Liquid resin/chopped strand mat.- 4.10.2 Liquid resin/preform.- 4.10.3 Sheet moulding compounds (SMC) and prepregs.- 4.10.4 Dough or bulk moulding compounds (DMC or BMC).- 4.11 Transfer Moulding.- 4.12 Injection Moulding.- 4.13 Filament Winding.- 4.13.1 Wet lay-up.- 4.13.2 Prepregs.- 4.13.3 Other applications.- 4.14 Centrifugal Moulding.- 4.15 Continuous Sheet Manufacture.- 4.16 Pultrusion.- 4.17 Sandwich Construction.- 4.18 Moulding with Preformed Materials.- 4.18.1 C-Flex planking system.- 4.18.2 `Duradense' building system.- 4.19 Trimming and Finishing.- References.- 5 Common Faults Found in GRP Mouldings.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 General Faults with Polyester Mouldings.- 5.3 Spray Moulding Faults.- 5.4 Faults with Translucent Sheeting.- 5.5 Press Moulding Faults.- 5.6 Resin Injection Faults.- 5.7 Vacuum Moulding Faults.- 5.8 Filament Winding Faults.- 5.9 Centrifugal Casting Faults.- 5.10 Faults with Epoxide Resin Systems.- Reference.- 6 Bonding and Jointing Reinforced Plastics.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Adhesive Bonded Joints.- 6.2.1 Surface preparation.- 6.3 Mechanical Joints.- References.- 7 Maintenance and Repair of FRP Structures.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Maintenance.- 7.3 Repairs to GRP Structures.- 7.3.1 Surface damage.- 7.3.2 Small impact fractures.- 7.3.3 Holes.- 7.3.4 Repair of holes where internal access is impossible.- 7.3.5 Repairs to pipes.- Reference.- 8 Site Application of Laminates.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Steel Structures.- 8.2.1 Initial preparation.- 8.2.2 Laminate application.- 8.2.3 Alternative laminating procedure.- 8.2.4 Alternative resin systems.- 8.3 Concrete Structures.- 8.3.1 Crack treatment.- 8.3.2 Preparation of concrete substrate.- 8.3.3 Application of the laminate.- 8.4 Wooden Structures.- 8.5 Repairs to Pipelines-Concrete, Steel or Thermoplastic.- 8.6 On-site Tank Production.- References.- 9 Polyester Resins.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Polyester Resins.- 9.2.1 Glycols.- 9.2.2 Unsaturated acids.- 9.2.3 Saturated acids.- 9.2.4 Monomers.- 9.2.5 Inhibitors.- 9.3 Commercial Resins.- 9.3.1 Gelcoat/topcoat resins.- 9.3.2 General purpose resins.- 9.3.3 Chemical resistant resins.- 9.3.4 Reduced flammability resins.- 9.3.5 Low styrene emission resins.- 9.3.6 Low shrink/low profile polyester resins.- 9.3.7 Special purpose resins.- 9.3.8 Casting resins.- 9.3.9 Foamed polyester resins.- 9.3.10 Commercially available polyester resins.- References.- 10 Catalysts, Accelerators and Inhibitors for Unsaturated Polyester Resins.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The Curing Reaction.- 10.3 Catalysts or Initiators.- 10.3.1 Diacyl peroxides.- 10.3.2 Ketone peroxides.- 10.3.3 Hydroperoxides.- 10.3.4 Dialkyl and diaralkyl peroxides.- 10.3.5 Peroxyesters.- 10.3.6 Perketals (peroxyketals).- 10.4 Accelerators or Promoters.- 10.4.1 Metal compounds.- 10.4.2 Tertiary amine accelerators.- 10.4.3 Mixed metal salt/t-amine accelerators.- 10.5 Inhibitors.- 10.6 Commercially Available Materials.- References.- 11 Epoxide Resins.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The Resins.- 11.2.1 Bisphenol A based resins.- 11.2.2 Glycidyl ester resins.- 11.2.3 Glycidyl amine resins.- 11.2.4 Glycidyl ethers of novolac resins.- 11.2.5 Brominated resins.- 11.2.6 Other resins.- 11.3 Diluents.- 11.3.1 Reactive diluents.- 11.3.2 Non-reactive diluents.- 11.4 How to Choose an Epoxide Resin.- 11.5 Commercially Available Resins.- References.- 12 Curing Agents for Epoxide Resins.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Selection of Curing Agent.- 12.3 Amine Curing Agents.- 12.4 Anhydride Curing Agents.- 12.4.1 Accelerators for anhydride cured systems.- 12.5 Polyamide Curing Agents.- 12.6 Other Curing Agents.- 12.7 Some Typical Laminating Systems.- 12.7.1 Site applications.- 12.7.2 Alternative to polyester resin.- 12.7.3 Electrical laminates.- 12.7.4 Carbon fibre composites.- References.- Curing Agent Suppliers.- Some Suppliers of Formulated Curing Agents.- 13 Other Resin Systems.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Furane Resins.- 13.3 Vinyl Ester Resins.- 13.4 Friedel-Crafts Resins.- 13.5 Silicone Resins.- 13.6 Polyimide Resins.- 13.7 Phenolic Resins.- 13.8 Melamine and Urea-Formaldehyde Resins.- References.- 14 Reinforcements.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Surfacing Tissue.- 14.3 Glass Fibre Reinforcements.- 14.3.1 Continuous filament rovings.- 14.3.2 Chopped strands.- 14.3.3 Chopped strand mat.- 14.3.4 Continuous strand mat.- 14.3.5 Woven glass fabrics.- 14.4 Carbon Fibre.- 14.5 Aromatic Polyamide (Aramid) Fibres.- 14.6 Other Reinforcing Fibres.- 14.6.1 Polyester fibres.- 14.6.2 Polyacrylonitrile fibres.- 14.6.3 Nylon.- 14.6.4 PVC and PVDC.- 14.6.5 Cotton.- 14.6.6 Sisal.- 14.6.7 Asbestos.- 14.6.8 Paper.- 14.6.9 Jute.- 14.6.10 Boron fibres.- 14.7 Commercially Available Reinforcements.- References.- 15 Dough and Sheet Moulding Compounds and Prepregs.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Dough and Bulk Moulding Compounds (DMC, BMC).- 15.3 Sheet Moulding Compounds (SMC).- 15.3.1 Manufacture of SMC.- 15.4 Prepregs.- 15.4.1 Manufacture of prepregs.- 15.5 Commercial Products.- References.- 16 Fillers and Pigments.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Mineral Fillers.- 16.2.1 Carbonates.- 16.2.2 Silica and silicates.- 16.2.3 Aluminium silicates and clays.- 16.3 Glass Fillers.- 16.4 Metal Oxide Fillers.- 16.5 Metallic Powder Fillers.- 16.6 Other Fillers.- 16.7 Thixotropic Additives.- 16.8 Flame Retardant Fillers.- 16.9 Pigments and Dyes.- References.- 17 Miscellaneous Materials.- 17.1 Internal Lubricants.- 17.2 Skin Formers.- 17.3 Light Stabilisers.- 17.4 Release Agents and Sealing Compounds.- 17.4.1 Wax release agents.- 17.4.2 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).- 17.4.3 Spray release agents.- 17.4.4 Silicone release agents.- 17.4.5 Sheet release agents.- 17.4.6 Cellulose acetate.- 17.4.7 Nitrocellulose.- 17.4.8 Shellac.- 17.5 Core Materials.- 17.5.1 Balsa wood.- 17.5.2 Firet Coremat.- 17.5.3 Intercel.- 17.5.4 Honeycombs.- 17.6 Coupling Agents.- References.- Some Suppliers.- 18 Laminating Equipment.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 General Equipment.- 18.2.1 Rollers.- 18.2.2 Brushes.- 18.2.3 Catalyst dispensers.- 18.2.4 Mixing and metering equipment.- 18.2.5 Casting equipment.- 18.2.6 Mixers.- 18.2.7 Light sources for curing polyester resins.- 18.3 Spray Equipment for Polyester Resin Systems.- 18.3.1 Catalyst injection.- 18.3.2 Catalyst spray.- 18.3.3 Twin pot system.- 18.3.4 Filler spray equipment.- 18.3.5 Flock gun.- 18.3.6 Roving cutters.- 18.4 Equipment for Saturating Glass Mat.- 18.5 Gelcoat Application Equipment.- 18.6 Resin Injection Equipment.- 18.7 Epoxide Resin Spray Equipment.-

Weatherhead, R.

Weatherhead, R.

[Book]

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