عنوان

The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa

9400962517

9400962533

9789400962514

9789400962538

b593648

The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa

[Book]

by Stefan Hastenrath.

Dordrecht

Springer Netherlands

1984

(377 pages)

Solid earth sciences library, 2.

1. Introduction.- 2. The Environmental Setting.- 2.1. Physiographic Structure.- 2.2. Atmospheric Circulation and Climate.- 2.3. Vegetation.- 2.4. Subnival Soil Forms.- 2.4.1. Nomenclature.- 2.4.2. Mountains of East Africa.- 2.4.3. Ethiopia.- 2.4.4. Southern Africa.- 2.4.5. Fossil forms.- 2.4.6. Synthesis.- 2.5. Lake Level Variations.- 3. Pleistocene and Early Holocene Glaciations.- 3.1. Kilimanjaro.- 3.2. Ruwenzori.- 3.3. Mount Kenya.- 3.4. Aberdares.- 3.5. Mount Elgon.- 3.6. Ethiopia.- 3.7. The Saharan Uplands.- 3.8. Southern Africa.- 3.9. Synthesis.- 4. The Recent Glaciation.- 4.1. Kilimanjaro.- 4.2. Ruwenzori.- 4.3. Mount Kenya.- 4.4. Glaciological Studies.- 4.5. Synthesis.- 5. Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya.- 5.1. Design of the Field Program.- 5.1.1. Ice surface topography.- 5.1.2. Bedrock topography and ice thickness.- 5.1.3. Ice surface velocity.- 5.1.4. Net balance.- 5.1.5. Precipitation measurements.- 5.1.6. Water runoff.- 5.1.7. Surface heat budget.- 5.1.8. Stratigraphy.- 5.2. Morphology.- 5.2.1. Environment and geology.- 5.2.2. Seismic method.- 5.2.2.1. Instrumentation.- 5.2.2.2. Theory.- 5.2.2.3. Observation program.- 5.2.2.4. Evaluation.- 5.2.3. Gravimetry.- 5.2.3.1. Instrumentation.- 5.2.3.2. Theory.- 5.2.3.3. Observation program.- 5.2.3.4. Evaluation.- 5.2.4. Ice dynamics.- 5.2.4.1. Theory.- 5.2.5. Synthesis of techniques.- 5.2.6. Bottom topography and ice volume.- 5.2.7. Long-term variations of ice extent and volume.- 5.3. Kinematics.- 5.3.1. Observations.- 5.3.2. Velocity and mass flux pattern.- 5.3.3. Crevasse pattern.- 5.3.4. Long-term variations of velocity.- 5.4. Mass and Heat Budget.- 5.4.1. Basic theory.- 5.4.2. Precipitation.- 5.4.3. Net balance.- 5.4.4. Water runoff.- 5.4.5. Global radiation.- 5.4.6. Albedo.- 5.4.7. Net longwave radiation.- 5.4.8. Net allwave radiation.- 5.4.9. Sensible heat flux and storage.- 5.4.10. Melting and sublimation.- 5.4.11. Closure of annual budgets.- 5.4.12. Diurnal forcing-response relationships.- 5.5. Ice Stratigraphy and Cores.- 5.6. Long-Term Climatic Forcing and Glacier Response.- 6. East African Glaciers and the Global Tropics.- 6.1. Pleistocene and Early Holocene Variations.- 6.2. The Recent Glaciation.- 6.3. Spatial Patterns of Ice Equilibrium Elevation.- 6.4. Lewis Glacier.- 6.5. Glacier-Climate Relationships.- 6.6. Recommendations.- Summary.- Abstract.- of Chapters.- APPENDIX 1 : List of Topographic Maps, Air Photographs, and Satellite Imagery.- APPENDIX 2 : List of Historical Photographs and Drawings.- APPENDIX 3: Data Supplied to World Glacier Inventory.- Author Index.

Geography.

Hydraulic engineering.

by Stefan Hastenrath.

S Hastenrath

[Book]

Y