عنوان

Neuro-vascular Neuro-ophthalmology

3642776221

9783642776229

b554228

Neuro-vascular Neuro-ophthalmology

[Book]

Mark J. Kupersmith

Berlin Springer Berlin

2013

XVIII, 554 Seiten in 1 Teil XVIII, 554 Seiten 284 Figuren in 594 sep. Illustrationen, some in color, 61 tables, 61 schw.-w. Tabellen 270 x 193 mm

8.2.2 Other Signs of Ocular Ischemia.- 8.2.3 Embolie Ocular Disease.- 8.2.4 Relationship of Ocular Ischemic Events to Carotid and Cardiac Disease.- 8.2.5 Syndrome of Ischemic Oculopathy.- 8.3 Carotid and Cardiac Evaluation.- 8.3.1 Bruit.- 8.3.2 Ophthalmodynamometry.- 8.3.3 Ocular Pneumoplethysmography.- 8.3.4 Carotid Ultrasonography and Thermography.- 8.3.5 Angiography.- 8.3.6 Cardiac Evaluation.- 8.3.7 Differential Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease.- 8.4 Aortic Arch Occlusive Disease.- 8.5 Neuro-ophthalmologic Disorders Caused by Brain Infarcts.- 8.5.1 Sensory Visual Disturbances.- 8.5.2 Efferent Pathway Disturbances.- 8.6 Therapeutic Considerations.- 8.6.1 Cardiac Disease.- 8.6.2 Carotid Atherosclerosis.- 8.6.3 Antiplatelet Agents.- 8.6.4 Anticoagulation.- 8.6.5 Surgery.- 8.6.6 Antihypertensives.- 8.6.7 Posterior Circulation.- 8.6.8 Treatment of Ocular Ischemic Conditions.- 8.7 Atypical Occlusive Disease of the Ophthalmic Artery.- 8.8 Ischemic Cranial Nerve Syndromes.- 8.8.1 Introduction.- 8.8.2 Third Cranial Nerve Vascular Neuropathy.- 8.8.3 Sixth Cranial Nerve Vascular Neuropathy.- 8.8.4 Fourth Cranial Nerve Vascular Neuropathy.- 8.8.5 Ischemia of Multiple Cranial Nerves.- 8.9 Fibromuscular Dysplasia.- 8.10 Moyamoya Disease.- 8.11 Hypercoagulation Disorders.- 8.11.1 Systemic Malignancy.- 8.11.2 Primary Coagulation System Deficiencies.- 8.11.3 Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.- 8.12 Dissection of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries.- 8.12.1 Traumatic Dissection of the Cervical Carotid Artery.- 8.12.2 Spontaneous Dissection of the Internal Carotid Artery.- 8.12.3 Dissection of the Vertebral Artery.- 8.13 Metabolic Disorders Associated with Cerebral Vaso-occlusive Disease.- 8.13.1 Homocystinuria.- 8.13.2 MELAS Syndrome.- 8.13.3 Fabry's Disease.- 8.14 Specific Retinal Disorders.- 8.14.1 Arteriolar and Capillary Occlusive Disease.- 8.14.2 Venous Disease.- 9 Inflammatory Vascular Disorders of the Brain and Eye.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis).- 9.3 Polyarteritis Nodosa.- 9.3.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.3.2 Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.3.3 Ophthalmologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.3.4 Neuroimaging.- 9.3.5 Pathology.- 9.3.6 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.3.7 Treatment and Course.- 9.4 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- 9.4.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.4.2 Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.4.3 Ophthalmologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.4.4 Neuroimaging.- 9.4.5 Pathology.- 9.4.6 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.4.7 Treatment and Course.- 9.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 9.5.1 Incidence.- 9.5.2 Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.5.3 Ophthalmologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.5.4 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.5.5 Treatment.- 9.6 Wegener's Granulomatosis.- 9.6.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.6.2 Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.6.3 Ophthalmologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.6.4 Laboratory Evaluation and Pathology.- 9.6.5 Treatment and Course.- 9.7 Behcet's Syndrome.- 9.7.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.7.2 Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.7.3 Ophthalmologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.7.4 Laboratory Evaluation and Neuroimaging.- 9.7.5 Treatment and Course.- 9.8 Granulomatous Angiitis Confined to the Central Nervous System.- 9.8.1 Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.8.2 Differential Diagnosis.- 9.8.3 Neuroimaging.- 9.8.4 Pathology.- 9.8.5 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.8.6 Treatment and Course.- 9.9 Central Nervous System Angiitis of Other Causes.- 9.9.1 Herpes Zoster.- 9.9.2 Relapsing Polychondritis.- 9.9.3 Allergic Granulomatous Angiitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome).- 9.9.4 Substance Abuse.- 9.10 Takayasu's Arteritis.- 9.10.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.10.2 Neurologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.10.3 Imaging.- 9.10.4 Pathology.- 9.10.5 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.10.6 Treatment.- 9.11 Cogan's Syndrome.- 9.11.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.11.2 Neurologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.11.3 Treatment.- 9.12 Lymphatoid Granulomatosis.- 9.12.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.12.2 Neurologic and Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.12.3 Laboratory Evaluation and Pathology.- 9.12.4 Treatment.- 9.13 Microangiopathy of the Retina and Brain.- 9.13.1 Ophthalmologic and Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.13.2 Differential Diagnosis.- 9.13.3 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.13.4 Treatment.- 9.14 Eales' Disease (Periphlebitis Retinae).- 9.15 Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy and Cerebral Vasculities.- 9.15.1 Treatment and Course.- 9.16 Sjoegren's Syndrome.- 9.16.1 Incidence and Systemic Involvement.- 9.16.2 Neurologic Manifestations.- 9.16.3 Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations.- 9.16.4 Laboratory Evaluation.- 9.16.5 Neuroimaging.- 9.16.6 Treatment.- 9.17 Occlusive Disease Associated with Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndromes: A Disorder in Evolution.- 9.17.1 Treatment.- 10 Migraine.- 10.1 Introduction and Epidemiology.- 10.2 Types of Migraine.- 10.2.1 Classic Migraine.- 10.2.2 Common Migraine.- 10.2.3 Positive Visual Disturbances in Classic and Common Migraine.- 10.2.4 Complicated Migraine.- 10.2.5 Ophthalmoplegic Migraine.- 10.2.6 Acephalgic Migraine.- 10.2.7 Other Headaches with Possible Vascular Dysfunction.- 10.3 Theories of the Causes of Migraine.- 10.3.1 Neurotransmitter Maintenance and Altered Vasomotor Tone.- 10.3.2 Neuronal Dysfunction.- 10.3.3 Spreading Depression.- 10.3.4 Platelet Hyperaggregability.- 10.3.5 Hormonal Influences.- 10.3.6 Psychological Factors.- 10.3.7 Blood-Brain Barrier Alteration and Dietary Factors.- 10.3.8 Allergy.- 10.3.9 Trauma.- 10.4 Theories of Visual and Neurologic Phenomena.- 10.4.1 Positive Phenomena.- 10.4.2 Negative Phenomena.- 10.4.3 Permanent Neurologic or Visual Defects.- 10.5 Mechanisms of Headache.- 10.6 Laboratory Evaluation.- 10.7 Treatment.- 10.7.1 Acute Episodic Headache Management.- 10.7.2 Prophylaxis.- 10.7.3 Formerly Used Agents.- 10.7.4 Complicated Migraine Treatment.- References.

1 Circulation of the Eye, Orbit, Cranial Nerves, and Brain.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Carotid Arterial System.- 1.2.1 Common Carotid Artery.- 1.2.2 External Carotid Arterial System.- 1.2.3 Internal Carotid Artery System.- 1.2.4 Cerebral Arteries.- 1.3 Vertebrobasilar Arterial System.- 1.3.1 Vertebral and Basilar Arteries.- 1.3.2 Posterior Cerebral Artery.- 1.4 Intracranial Venous Drainage.- 1.4.1 Supratentorial Deep and Superficial Venous Systems.- 1.4.2 Venous Drainage of the Posterior Fossa.- 1.5 Circulation in Regions of Neuro-ophthalmologic Importance.- 1.5.1 Orbital Circulation.- 1.5.2 Sensory Visual Pathway Circulation.- 1.5.3 Efferent Pathway Circulation.- 1.6 Cerebral Blood Flow Physiology.- 2 Carotid Cavernous Fistulas.- 2.1 Epidemiology and Causes.- 2.1.1 Trauma.- 2.1.2 Spontaneous Carotid Cavernous Fistulas.- 2.2 Clinical Presentation, Evaluation, and Differential Diagnosis.- 2.2.1 Symptoms and Signs.- 2.2.2 Red Eye Differential Diagnosis.- 2.2.3 Venous Ischemic-Hypoxic Retinopathy: Differential Diagnosis.- 2.2.4 Orbital Bruit Differential Diagnosis.- 2.3 Laboratory Evaluation.- 2.3.1 Ultrasonography.- 2.3.2 Computed Tomography.- 2.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 2.3.4 Angiography.- 2.4 Therapy.- 2.4.1 Visual Loss, Cranial Neuropathy.- 2.4.2 Glaucoma.- 2.4.3 Corneal Abnormalities.- 2.4.4 Manual Copression of the Internal Carotid Artery.- 2.4.5 Emergency Treatment.- 2.4.6 Surgery.- 2.4.7 Embolization.- 2.4.8 Management of Associated Injuries.- 2.4.9 Results and Complications.- 2.4.10 Therapy Is Not Always Warranted.- 3 Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Intracranial Dural Venous Disorders.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Dural Arteriovenous Malformations and Shunts.- 3.2.1 Epidemiology.- 3.2.2 Clinical Features.- 3.2.3 Mechanisms of Dysfunction of Durai Arteriovenous Malformations.- 3.2.4 Pathology and Etiology.- 3.2.5 Neuroimaging.- 3.2.6 Therapy and Course.- 3.2.7 Durai Arteriovenous Malformation of the Cavernous Sinus Area.- 3.3 Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis.- 3.3.3 Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis.- 3.3.4 Lateral Sinus Thrombosis.- 3.3.5 Thrombosis in Other Durai Sinuses.- 3.3.6 Mechanical Occlusion of the Dural Venous Sinuses.- 4 Orbital Vascular Lesions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Orbital Disease.- 4.3 Imaging of Orbital Lesions.- 4.3.1 Computed Tomography.- 4.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 4.3.3 Ultrasonography.- 4.3.4 Angiography.- 4.3.5 Venography.- 4.4 Orbital Varix.- 4.4.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.4.2 Histopathology.- 4.4.3 Imaging.- 4.4.4 Course and Treatment.- 4.5 Arteriovenous Malformation.- 4.5.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.5.2 Histopathology.- 4.5.3 Imaging.- 4.5.4 Treatment.- 4.6 Capillary Hemangioma.- 4.6.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.6.2 Histopathology.- 4.6.3 Imaging.- 4.6.4 Treatment.- 4.7 Cavernous Hemangioma (Cavernoma).- 4.7.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.7.2 Histopathology.- 4.7.3 Imaging.- 4.7.4 Treatment.- 4.8 Lymphangioma.- 4.8.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.8.2 Histopathology.- 4.8.3 Imaging.- 4.8.4 Treatment.- 4.9 Hemangiopericytoma.- 4.9.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.9.2 Histopathology.- 4.9.3 Imaging.- 4.9.4 Treatment.- 4.10 Malignant Hemangioendothelioma.- 4.10.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.10.2 Histopathology.- 4.10.3 Imaging.- 4.10.4 Treatment.- 4.11 Leiomyoma.- 4.11.1 Clinical Manifestations.- 4.11.2 Histopathology.- 4.11.3 Imaging.- 4.11.4 Treatment.- 4.12 Vascular Tumors of the Sphenoid Wing and the Cavernous Sinus.- 4.12.1 Meningioma.- 4.12.2 Fibrous Dysplasia.- 4.12.3 Hemangiopericytoma.- 4.13 Vascular Phakomatoses (Neurocutaneous Syndromes).- 4.13.1 Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis).- 4.13.2 Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (Retinocerebellar Angiomatosis).- 4.13.3 Wyburn-Mason Syndrome.- 4.13.4 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome.- 4.13.5 Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome (Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia).- 4.14 Cavernous Hemangioma of the Brain and Retina.- 5 Vascular Optic Neuropathies.- 5.1 Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 5.1.1 Clinical Presentation.- 5.1.2 Clinical Course.- 5.1.3 Risk Factors.- 5.1.4 Cataract Surgery.- 5.1.5 Emboli.- 5.1.6 Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Visual Loss and Optic Disc Swelling.- 5.1.7 Pathology and Localization of the Ischemic Process.- 5.1.8 Laboratory and Systemic Disease Evaluation.- 5.1.9 Treatment.- 5.2 Giant-Cell Arteritis.- 5.2.1 Clinical Presentation.- 5.2.2 Clinical Examination.- 5.2.3 Laboratory Evaluation.- 5.2.4 Temporal Artery Biopsy.- 5.2.5 Pathophysiology.- 5.2.6 Ocular Pathology.- 5.2.7 Treatment and Course.- 5.3 Papilledema.- 5.3.1 Ophthalmologic Findings.- 5.3.2 Mechanisms of Visual Disturbance.- 5.4 Leber's Optic Neuropathy.- 5.4.1 Molecular Aspects.- 5.4.2 Cardiac and Neurologic Abnormalities.- 5.4.3 Ophthalmologic Findings and Clinical Course.- 5.4.4 Treatment.- 5.5 Postshock Optic Neuropathy.- 5.5.1 Causes.- 5.5.2 Ophthalmologic Findings.- 5.6 Low-Tension Glaucoma.- 5.6.1 Ophthalmologic Findings.- 5.6.2 Pathogenesis.- 5.6.3 Differential Diagnosis.- 5.6.4 Treatment and Course.- 5.7 Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus.- 5.8 Optic Disc Vasculities or Papillophlebitis.- 5.8.1 Differential Diagnosis.- 5.8.2 Pathology.- 5.8.3 Diagnostic Evaluation.- 5.8.4 Treatment.- 5.9 Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 5.10 Rare Causes of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 5.11 Radiation Damage to the Eye and Brain.- 5.11.1 Introduction.- 5.11.2 Radiation Retinopathy.- 5.11.3 Radiation Optic Nerve and Chiasm Neuropathy.- 5.11.4 Retrochiasmal Radiation Damage.- 5.11.5 Arterial Occlusive Disease.- 5.11.6 Nonvascular Complications.- 5.11.7 Treatment.- 6 Aneurysms Involving the Motor and Sensory Visual Pathways.- 6.1 General Discussion.- 6.1.1 Introduction.- 6.1.2 Incidence.- 6.1.3 Etiology.- 6.1.4 Rupture.- 6.1.5 Rebleed.- 6.1.6 Morbidity and Mortality.- 6.1.7 Neuro-ophthalmologic Symptoms and Signs.- 6.1.8 Neuroimaging.- 6.1.9 Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 6.1.10 Therapy and Course.- 6.2 Carotid Cavernous Aneurysm.- 6.2.1 Incidence and Differential Diagnosis.- 6.2.2 Clinical Presentation and Neuro-opthalmologic Dysfunction.- 6.2.3 Differential Diagnosis of Painful Ophthalmoplegia.- 6.2.4 Neuroimaging.- 6.2.5 Treatment and Course.- 6.3 Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm.- 6.3.1 Incidence.- 6.3.2 Clinical Presentation.- 6.3.3 Neuroimaging.- 6.3.4 Therapy and Outcome.- 6.4 Carotid-Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm.- 6.4.1 Incidence.- 6.4.2 Clinical Presentation.- 6.4.3 Neuroimaging.- 6.4.4 Treatment and Course.- 6.5 Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery Bifurcation.- 6.5.1 Incidence.- 6.5.2 Clinical Presentation.- 6.5.3 Neuroimaging.- 6.5.4 Treatment and Course.- 6.6 Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm.- 6.6.1 Incidence.- 6.6.2 Clinical Presentation.- 6.6.3 Neuroimaging.- 6.6.4 Therapy and Outcome.- 6.7 Basilar Artery Aneurysm.- 6.7.1 Incidence.- 6.7.2 Clinical Presentation.- 6.7.3 Neuroimaging.- 6.7.4 Treatment and Course.- 6.8 Other Posterior Circulation Aneurysms.- 6.9 Nonsaccular Aneurysms.- 6.9.1 Fusiform Aneurysms.- 6.9.2 Traumatic Aneurysms.- 6.9.3 Mycotic Aneurysms.- 7 Vascular Malformations of the Brain.- 7.1 Arteriovenous Malformations.- 7.1.1 Introduction.- 7.1.2 Incidence.- 7.1.3 Presentation.- 7.1.4 Hemodynamics: Controversies and Unresolved Questions.- 7.1.5 Hemodynamics: Clinical Features.- 7.1.6 Posterior Fossa Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Special Circumstances.- 7.1.7 Vein of Galen Malformations.- 7.1.8 Long-Term Follow-up of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.- 7.1.9 Radiographic Evaluation.- 7.1.10 Specific Visual Sensory or Ocular Motor Abnormalities Related to Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.- 7.1.11 Treatment.- 7.2 Other Vascular Lesions of the Brain.- 7.2.1 Telangiectasia.- 7.2.2 Cavernoma (Cavernous Hemangioma).- 7.2.3 Venous Vascular Anomalies (Venous Angioma).- 8 Embolic and Noninflammatory Occlusive Vascular Disease of the Visual and Ocular Motor Systems.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Ocular Ischemia.- 8.2.1 Intraocular Ischemic Alterations.-

Mark J. Kupersmith

A Berenstein

Mark J Kupersmith

[Book]

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