One Historical Foundations of the Philosophy of Language.- One The Origin of the Philosophy of Language.- 1. The accessibility of the original reflections on language. Heraclitus.- 2. Language and thought in Heraclitus.- 3. Homonymy and etymology.- 4. The ????? and language.- 5. The ambiguity of the ?????.- 6. The dispersion of the ?????. The Sophists.- Two The Foundation of the Philosophy of Language.- 7. The transition from the harmony with language to the investigation of language. Plato.- 8. The origin of language from nature or convention.- 9. The interrelation of word and thing.- 10. Language and the metaphysical distinction.- 11. The distinction between grammar and logic. Aristotle.- 12. Language as instrument. Rhetoric and poetics.- 13. Language as the theme and the basis of Aristotle's investigations.- 14. Language as a segment of reality. The Stoics and the classical grammarians.- Chater Three The Exploration of the Range of Language.- 15. The study of language in the Middle Ages.- 16. Terms and things. John Buridan.- 17. The antagonism of language and reality.- 18. Speculative grammar. Thomas of Erfurt.- 19. The interconnections of being, understanding, and signifying.- 20. The depth and extent of the signifying power of language (53);.- 21. Theology and language. Thomas of Aquino.- 22. Analogy.- 23. Metaphor.- 24. Language and rational theology.- Four Language and the Rise of the Modern Era.- 25. Language and the foundation of science and reality. Descartes.- 26. The problem of the uniqueness and autonomy of language.- 27. The sciences and the humanities. Vico.- 28. Vico's New Science. The principles of language.- 29. The New Science and the natural sciences.- 30. The origin and progress of language. Rousseau and Herder.- 31. Ontological and ontic language. Humboldt.- Two Contemporary Issues in the Philosophy of Language.- One Language and Precision.- 32. The linguistic turn. Wittgenstein's Tractatus.- 33. The conflict of precision and expression.- 34. Formalized languages.- 35. Russell's theory of definite descriptions.- 36. Limitations of the theory of definite descriptions.- 37. The explanatory status of logical analyses of language.- 38. The grounds of logical analyses of language.- Two Ordinary Language.- 39. Access to reality through ordinary language. Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.- 40. Speaking and doing. Austin.- 41. The radicalism and cogency of Ordinary Language Analysis.- 42. The limits and further possibilities of Ordinary Language Analysis.- Three The Eminence of Language.- 43. The structure of language and the presence of language.- 44. The exemplary presence of language in literature. The theory of literature.- 45. Literature and reality. The difficulty of a theory of literature.- 46. The practice of the theory of literature. Wellek and Warren.- 47. The practice of the theory of literature. Frye.- 48. The practice of the theory of literature. Staiger.- Four The Structure of Language.- 49. The historical and the systematic aspects of language. Saussure.- 50. Language as empirically given. Structural and descriptive linguistics.- 51. The theoretical depth of language. Generative and transformational grammar.- 52. The presuppositions of empirically oriented grammar.- 53. The reach of theoretically oriented grammar.- Conclusion.- Conclusion.