General rationale and historical perspective -- Rationale and historical perspective of intraoperative irradiation -- Biology of large dose per fraction irradiation -- Methods and techniques of treatment -- Intraoperative electron beam irradiation: physics and techniques -- HDR-IORT: physics and techniques -- Electronic brachytherapy/low KV-IORT: physics and techniques -- IORT with electron-beam, high-dose-rate brachytherapy or low-KV/electronic brachytherapy: methodological comparisons -- Normal tissue tolerance: IORT -- Normal-tissue tolerance to IOERT, EBRT, or both: animal and clinical studies -- Results of IORT alone or plus EBRT by disease site -- Central nervous system tumors -- Head and neck cancer -- Breast cancer -- Lung cancer -- Gastric cancer -- Pancreas cancer -- Bile duct and gallbladder cancer -- Primary colorectal cancer -- Recurrent colorectal cancer -- Retroperitoneal sarcomas -- Extremity and trunk soft-tissue sarcomas -- Bone sarcomas -- Gynecologic malignancies -- Genitourinary cancer -- Pediatric malignancies -- Conclusions and future possibilities -- Conclusions and future possibilities: IORT