عنوان

Ethics :

1285196759 (pbk.)

9781285196756 (pbk.)

dltt

Ethics :

[Book]

theory and contemporary issues

Eighth edition /

Barbara MacKinnon, University of San Francisco, professor of philosophy, emerita, Andrew Fiala, California State University, professor of philosophy

xii, 596 pages :

color illustrations ;

24 cm

Includes bibliographical references and index

PART ONE. ETHICAL THEORY -- 1. Ethics and Ethical Reasoning -- Why Study Ethics? -- What Is Ethics? -- Ethical and Other Types of Evaluation -- Sociobiology and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- Ethical Terms -- Ethics and Reasons -- Intuitionism, Emotivism, Subjectivism, Objectivism -- Ethical Reasoning and Arguments -- The Structure of Ethical Reasoning and Argument -- Evaluating and Making Good Arguments -- Ethical Theory -- Types of Ethical Theory -- Can Ethics Be Taught? -- Reading -- Ethical Judgments and Matters of Fact David Hume -- Emotivism and Ethics: C.L. Stevenson -- Review Exercises -- 2. Religion and Global Ethics -- Freedom, Cosmopolitanism, and the European Enlightenment -- Religion, Civic Life, and Civil Disobedience -- Ethics, Religion, and Divine Command Theory -- Pluralism and the Golden Rule -- The Problem of Evil and Free Will 29Secular Ethics and Toleration -- Criticisms of Secularism and Global Ethics -- Reading -- Euthyphro: Plato -- Religion and Truth: Mohandas K. Gandhi -- Reimagining a Global Ethic: Michael Ignatieff -- Review Exercises -- 3. Ethical Relativism -- Descriptive vs. Normative Ethical Relativism -- Individual vs. Cultural Relativism -- Strong and Weak Relativism -- Reasons Supporting Ethical Relativism -- The Diversity of Moral Views -- Tolerance and Open-Mindedness -- Moral Uncertainty -- Situational Differences -- Are These Reasons Convincing? -- The Diversity of Moral Views -- Tolerance and Open-Mindedness -- Moral Uncertainty -- Situational Differences -- Is Relativism Self-Contradictory? -- Moral Realism -- Moral Pluralism -- Reading -- Who's to Judge?: Louis Pojman -- Moral Relativism: Richard Rorty -- Review Exercises -- 4. Egoism, Altruism, and the Social Contract -- Psychological Egoism -- What Is Psychological Egoism? -- Is Psychological Egoism True? -- Ethical Egoism -- What Is Ethical Egoism? -- Is Ethical Egoism a Good Theory? -- The Moral Point of View -- Why Be Moral? -- Reading -- The Ring of Gyges: Plato -- Self Love: Thomas Hobbes -- The Social Contract and Altruism: Steven Pinker -- Review Exercises -- 5. Utilitarianism and John Stuart Mill -- Weighing Consequences -- Historical Background -- Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill -- The Principle of Utility -- Pleasure and Happiness -- Calculating the Greatest Amount of Happiness -- Quantity vs. Quality of Pleasure -- Evaluating Utilitarianism -- Application of the Principle -- Utilitarianism and Personal Integrity -- Ends and Means -- The Trolley Problem -- Act and Rule Utilitarianism -- "Proof" of the Theory -- Reading -- Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill -- Review Exercises -- 6. Deontological Ethics and Immanuel Kant -- Deontology and the Ethics of Duty -- Immanuel Kant -- What Is the Right Motive? -- What Is the Right Thing to Do? -- The Categorical Imperative -- The First Form -- The Second Form -- Evaluating Kant's Moral Theory -- The Nature of Moral Obligation -- The Application of the Categorical Imperative -- Duty -- Moral Equality and Impartiality -- Perfect and Imperfect Duties -- Variations on Kant and Deontology -- Reading -- Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals: Immanuel Kant -- Review Exercises -- 7. Natural Law and Human Rights -- Natural Law Theory -- Historical Origins -- Evaluating Natural Law Theory -- Natural Rights -- Evaluating Natural Rights Theory -- Is There A Human Nature? -- Reading -- On Natural Law: Thomas Aquinas -- Second Treatise of Civil Government: John Locke -- Review Exercises -- 8. Virtue Ethics -- Virtues and Everyday Life -- Aristotle -- Virtue as a Mean -- Nature, Human Nature, and the Human Good -- Cross-Cultural and Contemporary Virtue Ethics -- Evaluating Virtue Ethics -- Reading -- The Nicomachean Ethics: Aristotle -- Virtues and Vices: Philippa Foot -- Review Exercises -- 9. Feminist Thought and the Ethics of Care -- Gender in Moral Reasoning and the Ethics of Care -- Is There a Gender Difference in Morality? -- The Source of Feminine Morality -- Evaluating Gender-Specific Approaches to Morality -- Feminist Thought -- Evaluation of Feminist Thought and the Ethics of Care -- Reading -- Caring: Nel Noddings -- The Need for More Than Justice: Annette Baier -- Review Exercises

PART TWO. ETHICAL ISSUES -- 10. Euthanasia -- Euthanasia for Infants and the Disabled -- Criteria for Death -- Types of Euthanasia -- Active and Passive Euthanasia -- Voluntary, Nonvoluntary, and Involuntary Euthanasia -- Physician-Assisted Suicide -- Pain Medication and Palliative Sedation -- Ordinary and Extraordinary Measures -- Combining the Types of Euthanasia -- Making Moral Judgments About Euthanasia -- The Moral Significance of Voluntariness -- Active versus Passive Euthanasia -- Reading -- The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia: J. Gay-Williams -- Active and Passive Euthanasia: James Rachels -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 11. Abortion -- Stages of Fetal Development -- Methods of Abortion -- Abortion and the Law -- Abortion: The Moral Question -- Arguments That Do Not Depend on the Moral Status of the Fetus -- Utilitarian Reasoning -- Some Rights Arguments -- Arguments That Depend on the Moral Status of the Fetus -- Method I -- Method II -- Reading -- A Defense of Abortion: Judith Jarvis Thomson -- Why Abortion Is Immoral: Don Marquis -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 12. Sexual Morality -- Current Issues -- Conceptual Problems: What Is and Is Not Sexual -- Relevant Factual Matters -- Sexual Morality and Ethical Theories -- Consequentialist Or Utilitarian Considerations -- Non-consequentialist or Deontological Considerations -- Natural Law Considerations -- Gay Marriage -- Reading -- Law, Morality, and "Sexual Orientation": John Finnis -- "It's Not Natural": John Corvino -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 13. Equality and Discrimination -- Discrimination -- Racial Discrimination -- The Principle of Equality -- Justice -- Social Benefits and Harms -- Proof and Reality of Difference -- Relevant Differences -- Challenges to the Principle -- Current Issues and the Law -- Profiling -- Hate Crimes -- Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment -- Consequentialist Considerations -- Non-consequentialist Considerations -- Reading -- Racisms: Kwame Anthony Appiah -- Was I Entitled or Should I Apologize? Affirmative Action Going Forward: Anita L. Allen -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 14. Economic Justice -- Economic Inequality -- Poverty, Education, and Health Care -- Conceptions of Social Justice -- Process Distributive Justice -- End-State Distributive Justice -- Equal Opportunity -- Political and Economic Theories -- Libertarianism -- Capitalism -- Socialism -- Modern Liberalism -- John Rawls's Theory of Justice -- Communitarianism -- Reading -- Justice as Fairness: John Rawls -- Distributive Justice: Robert Nozick -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 15. Punishment and the Death Penalty -- The Nature of Legal Punishment -- The Deterrence Argument -- The Retributivist Argument -- Punishment and Responsibility -- Prisons -- Race -- Restoration and Rehabilitation -- The Death Penalty -- Legal Issues -- Exonerations -- Racial Bias and Fairness -- Costs -- Deterrence Considerations -- On Retributivist Grounds -- Mercy and Restorative Justice -- Humane Executions -- Reading -- Are Prisons Obsolete?: Angela Y. Davis -- A Theory of Just Execution: Lloyd Steffen -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 16. Environmental Ethics -- The Environment and Its Value -- Anthropocentrism -- Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Environmental Justice -- Ecocentrism -- Deep Ecology -- Ecofeminism -- Current Issues -- Climate Change -- Ozone Depletion -- Waste Disposal and Pollution -- Wilderness Preservation -- International Environmental Conventions -- Global Justice and the Tragedy of the Commons -- Reading -- People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution: William F. Baxter -- Deep Ecology: Bill Devall and George Sessions -- Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique: Ramachandra Guha -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 17. Animal Ethics -- Current Issues -- Moral Vegetarianism -- Animal Experimentation -- Endangered Species -- Approaches to Animal Ethics -- Sentience, Equal Consideration, and Animal Welfare -- Animal Rights -- Reading -- All Animals Are Equal: Peter Singer -- Speciesism and the Idea of Equality: Bonnie Steinbock -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 18. Biotechnology and Bioengineering -- Current Issues -- Athletic and Cognitive Enhancement -- Stem Cell Research -- Cloning -- Genetic Engineering-and Genetic Screening -- Genetically Modified Plants and Animals -- Legal and Ethical Issues -- Athletic and Cognitive Enhancement -- Stem Cell Research -- Cloning -- Genetic Engineering and Genetic Screening -- Genetically Modified Organisms -- Reading -- Ageless Bodies, Happy Souls: Leon R. Kass -- In Defense of Posthuman Dignity: Nick Bostrom -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 19. Violence and War -- Realism -- Pacifism -- Just War Theory -- Jus ad Bellum -- Jus in Bello -- Current Issues -- Terrorism -- Targeted Killing and Drones -- Weapons of Mass Destruction -- War Crimes and Universal Human Rights -- Torture -- Reading -- Pilgrimage to Nonviolence: Martin Luther King Jr. -- The Triumph of Just War Theory (and the Dangers of Success): Michael Walzer -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- 20. Global Justice and Globalization -- Moral Arguments About Global Poverty -- Self-Interest -- Justice -- Rights -- Practical Considerations -- Global Inequality -- Levels of International Aid -- Causes of Global Poverty -- Solutions and Progress -- Globalization and Its Critics -- Economic Impacts -- Cultural Diversity -- Reading -- The Singer Solution to World Poverty: Peter Singer -- Principles of Earth Democracy: Vandana Shiva -- Review Exercises -- Discussion Cases -- The Content of the Paper -- The Paper's Structure -- Format -- Grammar, Spelling, and Gender -- Types of Ethics Papers -- A Historical Approach -- A Problem in Ethical Theory -- A Contemporary Moral Issue -- Is it an Ethics Paper? -- Structuring or Analyzing an Ethical Argument -- Reasons and Conclusions -- Types and Sources of Evidence -- Types of Reasons -- Top-to-Bottom or Bottom-to-Top Reasoning? -- Using Examples and Analogies -- Sample Ethics Papers -- Notes -- Historical Approach -- A Problem in Ethical Theory -- A Contemporary Ethical Issue

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Ethics

Ethics, Modern-- 20th century

MacKinnon, Barbara,1937-

Fiala, Andrew,1966-

20150909172640.0

rda

[Book]

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