Enlightenment -- Reaction and recovery : the early nineteenth century -- Rise of racial determinism -- Spencerism -- Evolutionism : methods -- The evolutionists : results -- Dialectical materialism -- Historical particularism : Boas -- The Boasian milieu -- The ethnographic basis of particularism -- Kroeber -- Lowie -- Diffusionism -- Culture and personality : pre-Freudian -- Culture and personality : Freudian -- Culture and personality : new directions -- French structuralism -- British social anthropology -- Emics, etics, and the new ethnography -- Statistical survey and the Nomothetic revival -- Cultural materialism : general evolution -- Cultural materialism : cultural ecology.