Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index
1. Defining the subject -- 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Aims and significance. 1.3. Definitions and diagrams -- 2. The occurrence of fibrous composites. 2.1. Parallel fibres. 2.2. Orthogonal plywoods and other large angular shifts. 2.3. Helicoidal plywoods in animals. 2.4. Helicoidal plywoods in plant cell walls. 2.5. Pseudo-orthogonal plywoods. 2.6. Anomalous distribution of helicoids -- 3. Properties of natural plywoods. 3.1. Chemistry of fibrous composites. 3.2. Mechanical functions: fibre orientation strategies. 3.3. Optical properties. 3.4. Influences of fibrous composites on cells -- 4. Biomimicry: making liquid crystalline models of helicoids and other plywoods. 4.1. Principles and types of liquid crystals. 4.2. Relevant properties established from synthetic materials. 4.3. Natural liquid crystal models -- 5. How is fibre orientation controlled? 5.1. Self-assembly: hypotheses based on molecular shape. 5.2. Directed assembly: hypotheses based on cellular mechanisms. 5.3. Mechanical reorientation -- 6. Unifying themes. 6.1. Interrelations and transitions between different architectures. 6.2. Some general principles of helicoids. 6.3. Evolutionary aspects