عنوان

Optical design of microscopes

0819480967

9780819480965

9780819480958

dltt

Optical design of microscopes

[Book]

George Seward.

Bellingham, Wash. :

SPIE,

2010.

1 online resource (xiii, 243 p. :

ill.)

Tutorial texts in optical engineering ;

v. TT 88

Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 28, 2010).

Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-236) and index.

Preface -- Chapter 1. Optical design concepts. -- 1.1. A value proposition -- 1.2. Specimen model -- 1.3. Detector parameters -- 1.4. Numerical aperture -- 1.5. Wave propagation -- 1.6. Geometric aberrations -- 1.7. Image contrast -- 1.8. Manufacturing -- 1.9. Assembly -- Chapter 2. Basic microscope concepts -- 2.1. Magnification -- 2.2. Accommodation -- 2.3. Finite tube length -- 2.4. Infinity-corrected objective -- 2.5. Tube lens -- 2.6. Ocular lens -- 2.7. Refractive objects -- 2.8. Diffractive objects -- 2.9. Dark field -- Chapter 3. Basic geometric optics -- 3.1. Ray tracing -- 3.2. Cardinal points -- 3.3. Stops -- 3.4. Gaussian lens formula -- 3.5. Image types -- 3.6. Optical power -- 3.7. Paraxial optics -- 3.8. Relay lens -- 3.9. Magnifier -- Chapter 4. Aberrations. -- 4.1. Seidel aberrations -- 4.2. Chromatic aberrations -- 4.3. Other aberrations -- 4.4. Aspheric surfaces -- Chapter 5. Basic physical optics -- 5.1. Importance of physical optics -- 5.2. Wave equation -- 5.3. Refractive index -- 5.4. Dispersion -- 5.5. Refraction and reflection -- 5.6. Emission -- 5.7. Absorption -- 5.8. Evanescent field -- 5.9. Space-angle product -- 5.10. Coherence -- 5.11. Airy pattern -- 5.12. Gaussian beam propagation -- 5.13. Transfer functions -- 5.14. Gaussian estimate of airy pattern -- 5.15. Scatter -- 5.16. Interference filters -- Chapter 6. Fluorescence -- 6.1. Absorption Parameters -- 6.2. Electron States -- 6.3. Energy Diagrams -- 6.4. Fluorophores.

Chapter 12. Objective lenses -- 12.1. Formats -- 12.2. Aplanatic surface -- 12.3. 10X Plan achromat -- 12.4. 40X Fluor -- 12.5. 60X Immersion TIRF -- 12.6. 100X Aplanat -- 12.7. 10X Schwarzschild -- 12.8. 20X Internal parabola -- Chapter 13. Tube elements -- 13.1. Doublet tube lens -- 13.2. Doublet-pair tube lens -- 13.3. Filter types -- 13.4. Filter within a finite conjugate distance -- 13.5. Warped filter within an infinity correction -- Chapter 14. Ocular lenses -- 14.1. Eyepiece -- 14.2. Pupils -- 14.3. Kellner ocular -- 14.4. Plössl ocular -- 14.5. Erfle ocular -- Chapter 15. Sensors -- 15.1. CCD sensors -- 15.2. Active pixel sensors -- 15.3. Photomultiplier tubes -- 15.4. Film -- Chapter 16. Human vision -- 16.1. Physiology -- 16.2. Contrast sensitivity function -- 16.3. Point spread of a lens -- 16.4. Lateral inhibition of the retina -- 16.5. Temporal feedback of photoreceptors -- 16.6. Saccation point spread -- 16.7. Vision research -- 16.8. Temporal contrast sensitivity function.

Chapter 17. Optical materials -- 17.1. Glass types -- 17.2. Glass map -- 17.3. Fluorite -- 17.4. Short flint -- 17.5. Anomalous dispersion -- 17.6. Sellmeier formula -- 17.7. Environmentally safe glass -- 17.8. Glass code -- 17.9. Spectral lines -- 17.10. Cost of optics -- 17.11. Structural materials -- Chapter 18. Composition and spectra of materials -- 18.1. Glass structure -- 18.2. Crown -- 18.3. Flint -- 18.4. Long crown -- 18.5. Short flint -- 18.6. Short-flint special -- 18.7. Environmentally safe short flint -- 18.8. Dense Flint -- Chapter 19. Advanced concepts -- 19.1. Wave equation -- 19.2. Refractive index -- 19.3. Relative partial dispersion -- 19.4. Emission -- 19.5. Coherence -- 19.6. Gaussian beam power -- 19.7. Transfer functions -- 19.8. Scatter -- 19.9. Interference filters -- 19.10. Shot noise -- Appendix: Prescriptions -- Works consulted -- Recommended reading -- References -- Index.

Chapter 7. Optical design metrics -- 7.1. CAD tools -- 7.2. Wavefront error -- 7.3. Ray-intercept plot -- 7.4. Spot diagram -- 7.5. Point-spread plot -- 7.6. Encircled-energy plot -- 7.7. Modulation transfer function -- 7.8. Edge spread -- 7.9. Lens report -- 7.10. Relative illumination -- 7.11. Surface-form error -- 7.12. Manufacturing standards -- Chapter 8. Image contrast -- 8.1. Radiometry -- 8.2. Expression of contrast -- 8.3. Shot noise -- 8.4. Emittance patterns -- 8.5. Angular collection efficiency -- 8.6. Spatial collection efficiency -- 8.7. Full-pixel contrast -- 8.8. Subpixel contrast -- 8.9. Point-source contrast -- 8.10. Full-pixel airy contrast -- Chapter 9. microlens formats -- 9.1. 10XR double Gauss -- 9.2. 10XR microlens -- 9.3. 2XR microlens -- 9.4. 1X microlens -- 9.5. 2XR telecentric spectroscopy lens -- Chapter 10. Illumination systems -- 10.1. Condenser -- 10.2. Abbe illumination -- 10.3. Nelson illumination -- 10.4. Diffusers -- 10.5. Köhler illumination -- 10.6. Matched stops -- 10.7. Light-emitting diodes -- 10.8. Aspheric plus singlet relay -- 10.9. Achromatic aspheric plus doublet relay -- 10.10. Abbe condenser -- 10.11. Abbe aspheric -- 10.12. Total internal reflection fluorescence illumination -- Chapter 11. Cover strata -- 11.1. Importance of specimen tolerance -- 11.2. Perfect 10X for air -- 11.3. 10X objective with cover glass in place of air -- 11.4. 10X objective with microscope slide in place of air -- 11.5. 40X objective with silica cover in place of glass -- 11.6. 40X objective with tilted cover glass -- 11.7. 60X objective with silica cover in place of glass -- 11.8. Strehl ratio versus optical path length.

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Knowledge of microscope design is rapidly becoming more important. Microscopes are used in critical applications such as drug development, clinical tests, and genomics. Considerable expertise is required for the evaluation, design, and manufacture of these instruments. Several subsystems must be integrated: the source, the illumination optics, the specimen, the objective lens, the tube optics, and the sensor. The large numerical aperture of a microscope is essential for small spot size and high brightness; however, the large numerical aperture also presents difficult issues in optical design and fabrication. This book provides a foundation for developing design expertise through education, practice, and exploration. It is suitable for lens designers, optical engineers, and students with a basic knowledge of microscope structure.

9780819480958

Microscopes.

Optics.

Seward, George.

Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.

20110503183638.0

[Book]

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