Moral philosophy and moral reasoning -- Cultural relativism -- Skepticism and subjectivism -- Free will and moral responsibility -- Religion and natural law -- Egoism -- The social contract -- Utilitarianism : Bentham and Mill -- Challenges for utilitarianism -- Deontology : Kant -- Challenges for Kantian ethics -- Virtue ethics : Aristotle -- Challenges for virtue ethics -- The ethics of gender and race -- Developing a moral outlook -- Key thinkers.