Making Islam modern. Organising Da'wah and spreading reform -- Colonising the Muslim East and reinforcing culture -- Modernising politics and government. Building Siyasah and reforming sultanate -- Controlling politics and bureaucratising religion -- Modernising law. Integrating Shari'ah, Adat and European laws -- Formalising legal plurality -- Modernising education. Teaching Agama and the secular -- Secularising education.