Listening then and now - The comprehension approach : pluses and minuses - Listening and the learner - Types of listening - A diagnostic approach to L2 listening - Dividing listening into its components - A process approach - Input and context - Decoding and the inconsistent signal - Decoding : sounds, syllables and words - Using grammar and intonation - Amplifying what the speaker says - Handling information - Real speech - Listening strategies - Strategy instruction in second language listening - Fitting it together