Logic and epistemology - Philosophy, theology, logic, and the sciences - Augustine on ancient philosophy - Dialectica Monaccensis (anonymous, twelfth century) on the division of science - Thomas Aquinas on the nature and scope of sacred doctrine - The problem of universals - Boethius against real universals - John of Salisbury on the controversy over universals - The Summa Lamberti on the properties of terms - William Ockham on universals - John Buridan on the predicables - Illumination vs. abstraction, and scientific knowledge - Augustine on divine ideas and illumination - Thomas Aquinas on illumination vs. abstraction - Thomas Aquinas on our knowledge of the first principles of demonstration - Henry of Ghent on divine illumination - Duns Scotus on divine illumination - Knowledge and skepticism - Augustine on the certainty of self-knowledge - Thomas Aquinas on whether the intellect can be false - Henry of Ghent on whether a human being can know anything - Nicholas of Autrecourt on skepticism about substance and causality - John Buridan on scientific knowledge - Philosophy of nature, philosophy of the soul, metaphysics - Hylomorphism, causality, natural philosophy - Thomas Aquinas on the principles of nature - Thomas Aquinas on the mixture of elements - Giles of Rome on the errors of philosophers - Selections from the condemnation of 1277 - John Buridan on the impetus theory of projectile motion - Human nature and the philosophy of the soul - Augustine on the soul - Averroes on the immateriality of the intellect - Siger of Brabant on the intellective soul - Thomas Aquinas on the nature and powers of the human soul - John Buridan on the immateriality of the soul - Metaphysics, existence and essence - Avicenna on common nature - Thomas Aquinas on being and essence - John Buridan on essence and existence - God's existence and essence - Augustine on divine immutability - Anselm of Canterbury on God's existence - Thomas Aquinas on God's existence and simplicity - Practical philosophy - Goodness and being - Augustine on evil as the privation of goodness - Augustine on the origin of moral evil - Boethius on being and goodness - Thomas Aquinas on the convertibility of being and goodness - Freedom of the will - Augustine on the "divided will" - Boethius on divine providence and the freedom of the will - Anselm of Canterbury on free will - Henry of Ghent on the primacy of the will - Virtues and happiness - Boethius of Dacia on the supreme good - Thomas Aquinas on happiness - Divine law, natural law, positive law - Thomas Aquinas on natural law and positive law - John Duns Scotus on natural law and divine law