عنوان

Lubricants :introduction to properties and performance

electronic

Torbacke, Marika.

Lubricants :introduction to properties and performance

Chichester

John Wiley & Sons

2014

xvii, 191 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Includes bibliographical references and index

Marika Torbacke, Asa Kassman Rudolphi, Elisabet Kassfeldt

Machine generated contents note: Preface xi List of Symbols xiii List of Tables xvii Part One LUBRICANT PROPERTIES 1 Introduction to Tribology 3 1.1 Tribological Contacts 5 1.1.1 Macroscale Contacts 6 1.1.2 Microscale Contacts 8 1.2 Friction 8 1.2.1 The Coefficient of Friction 8 1.2.2 Lubrication Regimes 01 1.3 Wear 21 1.3.1 Wear Rate 31 1.4 Lubrication of the Tribological System 41 1.4.1 The Purposes of Lubricants 41 1.4.2 Reducing Friction and Protecting against Wear 51 1.4.3 Semi-Solid Lubricants 61 1.4.4 Solid Lubricants and Dry Lubricants 61 References 71 2 Lubricant Properties 91 2.1 Performance Properties 02 2.1.1 Viscosity 02 2.1.2 Low and High Temperature Properties of Lubricants 72 2.1.3 Air and Water Entrainment Properties 92 2.1.4 Thermal Properties 23 2.2 Long Life Properties 33 2.2.1 Total Acid Number )TAN( 43 2.2.2 Total Base Number )TBN( 53 2.2.3 Oxidation Stability 53 2.2.4 Hydrolytic Stability 73 2.2.5 Corrosion Inhibition Properties 73 2.3 Environmental Properties 04 2.3.1 Environmentally Adapted Lubricants 04 2.3.2 Market Products with a Reduced Environmental Impact 14 2.4 Summary of Analyses 24 References 44 3 Base Fluids 54 3.1 General Hydrocarbon Chemistry 54 3.2 Base Fluid Categorization 84 3.3 The Refining Process of Crude Oils 05 3.3.1 The Refining Process 15 3.3.2 Influence of the Refining Process on the Oil Properties 25 3.4 Base Fluids Originating from Crude Oil 35 3.4.1 Paraffinic Base Oils 35 3.4.2 Naphthenic Base Oils 35 3.4.3 White Oils 45 3.4.4 Very High Viscosity Index Base Oils 45 3.4.5 Polyalphaolefins 45 3.4.6 Gas-to-Liquid Base Fluids 55 3.4.7 Re-Refined Base Oils 65 3.5 Base Fluids Originating from Renewable Raw Materials 65 3.5.1 Vegetable Oils )Natural Esters( 75 3.5.2 Synthetic Esters 75 3.6 Nonconventional Synthetic Base Fluids 95 3.7 Properties of Base Fluids 95 References 16 4 Additives 36 4.1 Fundamental Concepts and Processes 36 4.1.1 Atoms and Reactions 36 4.1.2 Intermolecular Forces 46 4.1.3 Chemical Potential 66 4.1.4 Surfaces 66 4.1.5 Mass Transfer 76 4.1.6 Adsorption 86 4.1.7 Chemical Characteristics of Surface Active Additives 07 4.2 Additive Exploration 17 4.3 Surface Active Adsorbing Additives 37 4.3.1 Corrosion Inhibitors 37 4.3.2 Friction Modifiers 57 4.3.3 Antiwear Additives 57 4.3.4 Extreme Pressure Additives 67 4.3.5 Activation of Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives 77 4.3.6 Competition for Surface Sites by Surface Active Additives 87 4.4 Interfacial Surface Active Additives 97 4.4.1 Defoamers 97 4.4.2 Emulsifiers and Demulsifiers 08 4.5 Physically Bulk Active Additives 18 4.5.1 Viscosity Modifiers 18 4.5.2 Pour Point Depressants 28 4.5.3 Dispersants 48 4.6 Chemically Bulk Active Additives 58 4.6.1 Detergents 58 4.6.2 Antioxidants 78 4.7 Additive Summary 88 References 98 Part Two LUBRICANT PERFORMANCE 5 Formulating Lubricants 39 5.1 General Aspects of Development 39 5.1.1 Formulations 39 5.1.2 Development Work 69 5.1.3 Material Compatibility 69 5.1.4 Miscibility 79 5.1.5 Interactions in a Lubricated Contact 79 5.2 Quality of the Lubricated Tribological Contact 89 5.2.1 Lubricant Film Regime 99 5.2.2 Maintaining a High Quality Contact 101 5.3 Hydraulics 101 5.3.1 Description of a Hydraulic System 101 5.3.2 Formulating Hydraulic Oils 201 5.4 Gears 401 5.4.1 Description of Gears 401 5.4.2 Formulating Gear Oils 501 5.5 Combustion Engines 701 5.5.1 Description of Combustion Engines 701 5.5.2 Formulating Combustion Engine Oils 801 References 011 6 Tribological Test Methods 311 6.1 Field, Bench and Component Tests 311 6.2 Model Tests 511 6.2.1 Strategy for Selecting and Planning a Model Test 511 6.3 Lubricant Film Thickness Measurements 711 6.3.1 Electrical Methods 711 6.3.2 Optical Interferometry Method 811 6.4 Tribological Evaluation in Mixed and Boundary Lubrication 121 6.4.1 The Pin-on-Disc Tribotest 121 6.4.2 The Reciprocating Tribotest 321 6.4.3 The Twin Disc Tribotest 421 6.4.4 The Rotary Tribotest 821 6.5 Selection of Model Tests to Simulate Real Contacts 821 6.5.1 Hydraulics 921 6.5.2 Gears 921 6.5.3 Combustion Engines 131 6.6 Summary of Tribotest Methods 131 References 231 7 Lubricant Characterization 331 7.1 General Characterization Concepts 331 7.1.1 Planning 331 7.1.2 Basic Mixing Theory 431 7.1.3 Sampling 531 7.1.4 Diluting the Sample 631 7.1.5 Collecting Analysis Data 731 7.1.6 Calculations and Evaluation 831 7.2 Condition Analyses of Lubricants 831 7.3 Nonused Oil Characterization 041 7.3.1 Development 041 7.3.2 Production 141 7.3.3 Application Examples 241 7.4 Used Oil Characterization 241 7.4.1 Selection of Analyses 341 7.4.2 Analysis Examples of Selected Applications 441 7.5 Summary of Used Oil Analyses 641 References 841 8 Surface Characterization 941 8.1 Surface Characterization of Real Components 151 8.1.1 Examination of Nonused Surfaces 151 8.1.2 Examination of Used Surfaces 151 8.1.3 Characteristics of Application Examples 251 8.2 Microscopy Techniques 351 8.2.1 Visual Inspection 351 8.2.2 Light Optical Microscopy )LOM( 451 8.2.3 Optical Interference Microscopy 451 8.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy )AFM( 451 8.2.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy )SEM( 551 8.2.6 Focused Ion Beam )FIB( 851 8.2.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy )TEM( 951 8.3 Surface Measurement 951 8.3.1 Statistical Surface Parameters 161 8.3.2 Contacting Stylus Profiler 261 8.3.3 Microscopy Techniques 361 8.4 Hardness Measurement 361 8.4.1 Macro and Micro Hardness 361 8.4.2 Nanoindentation 361 8.5 Surface Analysis Techniques 361 8.5.1 Selected Methods 461 8.5.2 Analysis Performance Parameters and Terminology 561 8.5.3 Depth Profiling and Chemical Mapping 761 8.5.4 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy )EDS( 961 8.5.5 Auger Electron Spectroscopy )AES( 071 8.5.6 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy )XPS( 371 8.5.7 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy )SIMS( 671 8.5.8 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 871 8.6 Summary of Surface Characterization Methods 971 8.6.1 Microscopy and Surface Measurement 971 8.6.2 Surface Analysis 971 References 281 Index 581

، Lubrication and lubricants

، TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Mechanical

AU

AU Rudolphi, Asa Kassman

AU Kassfeldt, Elisabet

TI