عنوان

Production of biofuels and chemicals from lignin

9789811019654

Production of biofuels and chemicals from lignin

Zhen Fang, Richard L. Smith, editor

Springer

2016

1 online resource )442 pages(

Biofuels and biorefineries ;volume 6

Series: Biofuels and biorefineries ;v. 6

Includes index

Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; Editors' Biography; Part I: Lignin and Its Production; Chapter 1: Properties, Chemical Characteristics and???Application of???Lignin and???Its Derivatives; 1.1 Occurrence of???Lignin in???Biomass; 1.1.1 Source, Monolignol Constituents and???Sub-unit Structures; 1.1.2 Distribution, Content and???Chemical Structures of???Lignin Sub-units; 1.1.3 Biological Functions; 1.1.4 Sources of???Technical Lignin and???Their Promise in???Bio-??refining Process; 1.2 Techniques for???Determining Structural and???Chemical Features of???Lignin; 1.2.1 Importance of???Lignin Chemistry 1.2.2 Lignin Content1.2.2.1 Wet Chemistry Methods; 1.2.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods; 1.2.3 Distribution of???Lignin; 1.2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy and???Atomic Force Microscopy Methods; 1.2.3.2 Spectroscopy and???Other Microscopy Methods; 1.2.4 Molecular Weight and???Polydispersity; 1.2.5 Functional Side-Chain Groups; 1.2.5.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods; 1.2.5.2 UV and???GC-FID Methods; 1.2.6 Content of???Phenolic Units of???Lignin; 1.2.7 Content of???Inter-molecular Linkages; 1.2.7.1 13C- and???31P NMR Methods; 1.2.7.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy Method 1.2.8 Lignin-Lignin Linkages and???Macromolecular Assembly1.2.8.1 Chemical Oxidation and???GC-MS/FID Method; 1.2.8.2 Pyrolysis Degradation and???GC-MS/FID Method; 1.2.8.3 Chemo-Thermo Degradation Method; 1.2.8.4 Enzymatic Oxidization and???Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Method; 1.3 Derivatization and???End-Use of???Lignin and???Lignin Derivatives; 1.3.1 Sources of???Lignocellulosic Biomass for???Technical Lignin Derivatives; 1.3.2 Application of???Lignin and???Lignin Derivatives; 1.3.2.1 Energy; 1.3.2.2 Renewable Chemicals; 1.3.2.3 Materials and???Additives; 1.4 Conclusions and???Future Outlook; References Chapter 2: Extraction of???Technical Lignins from???Pulping Spent Liquors, Challenges and???Opportunities2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Kraft Pulping Process; 2.2.1 Properties of Black Liquor; 2.2.2 Acidification; 2.2.3 Membrane; 2.2.4 Electrolysis; 2.2.5 Solvent; 2.3 Prehydrolysis Based Kraft Process; 2.3.1 Properties of???PHL; 2.3.2 Acidification of???PHL; 2.3.3 Adsorption; 2.3.4 Flocculation; 2.3.5 In Situ Adsorption/Flocculation System; 2.4 Spent Liquor of???Sulfite Process; 2.4.1 Properties of???Spent Liquor; 2.4.2 Membrane; 2.4.3 Amine Extraction; 2.4.4 Electrolysis; 2.4.5 Ion Exchange Resinches 2.5 Isolation of???Lignosulfonate from???Spent Liquor of???NSSC Process2.5.1 Properties of???Spent Liquor in???NSSC Process; 2.5.2 Adsorption/Flocculation/Coagulation; 2.5.3 Solvent Extraction; 2.6 Conclusions and???Future Outlook; References; Chapter 3: Recovery of???Low-Ash and???Ultrapure Lignins from???Alkaline Liquor By-Product Streams; 3.1 Introduction and???Background; 3.1.1 Low-Ash Lignins from???Alkaline Liquors; 3.1.2 From Low-Ash to???Ultrapure Lignins; 3.2 Low-Ash Lignins via the???SLRP Process; 3.2.1 Procedure; 3.2.1.1 Carbonation; 3.2.1.2 Acidification; 3.2.1.3 Filtration; 3.2.1.4 Vent-Gas Capture This book provides state-of-the-art reviews, current research on and the prospects of lignin production, biological, thermal and chemical conversion methods, and lignin technoeconomics. Fundamental topics related to lignin chemistry, properties, analysis, characterization, and depolymerization mechanisms, as well as enzymatic, fungal and bacterial degradation methods are covered. The book also examines practical topics related to technologies for lignin and ultra-pure lignin recovery, activated carbon, carbon fiber production and materials, and addresses the biological conversion of lignin with fungi, bacteria or enzymes to produce chemicals, along with chemical, catalytic, thermochemical and solvolysis conversion methods. Lastly, it presents a case study on practical polyurethane foam production using ligninches Lignin has a bright future and will be an essential feedstock for producing renewable chemicals, biofuels and value-added products. Offering comprehensive information on this promising material, the book represents a valuable resource for students, researchers, academicians and industrialists in the field of biochemistry and energy

Lignin

Biomass energy

Electronic books

Fang, Zhen

Smith, Richard L

Ohio Library and Information Network

English Book