Rethinking cosmopolitanism: The ethics and politics of universalism
[Thesis]
;supervisor: Fraser, Nancy
New School University: United States -- New York
: 2008
421 pages
Ph.D.
, New School University: United States -- New York
Globalization is widely seen to call into question political theory's traditional preoccupation with the bounded political community. The main response has been cosmopolitanism , both ethical , the idea that we should think and act as 'citizens of the world,' and political , the idea that we require global politics, institutions, and forms of community. While endorsing these imperatives, in this dissertation I argue that the way theorists have pursued them has too often betrayed the emancipatory, egalitarian impetus of the cosmopolitan ideal. Rather than as a doctrine, a blueprint, or a set of standards, I reinterpret cosmopolitanism as a project and process of universalization, an evolving practice that pits itself against obstacles to the generalization of equal freedom. Focusing on Immanuel Kant and his contemporary followers, from Martha Nussbaum to John Rawls to advocates of cosmopolitan democracy, the first half of the dissertation explores how and why cosmopolitanism has repeatedly failed to live up to its promise. The second half draws on Judith Butler, Pierre Bourdieu, Hannah Arendt, and radical democratic theorists to rethink cosmopolitanism as a project and process of universalization. Cosmopolitanism, on this view, consists of particular challenges to the generalization of freedom and equality, while universalism is the contestation of false universals in the name of the values they betray. I show how we can rethink universalism from the bottom up rather than the top down, as a process rather than as a design, on the basis of particular conflicts rather than sub specie aeternitatis . I then use this perspective in the final chapter to shed new light on the politics of human rights.