Part 1: What were the Crusade?: Pope urban ll's preaching of the first Crusade /H.E.J. Cowdrey -- Crusading as an act of love /Jonathan Riley-Smith -- Reconquest and Crusade in Spain, c.1050-1150/ R.A. Fletcher -- Crusades against Christians /Norman Hously -- Were there any Crusades in the twelfth century?/ Christopher J. Tyerman -- Part II: Who were the Crusaders: Medieval charters as a source for the history of the Crusades/Giles Constable -- Early Crusaders to the East and the costs of crusading, 1095-1130/ Jonathan Riley-Smith -- The roots of lay enthusiasm for the First Crusade/ Marcus Bull -- Patronage and the appeal of the First Crusade/ John France -- Part III: Impact of the Crusades on the East: Byzantium and the Crusades/ Steven Runciman -- The reaction of the Syrian Muslims after the foundation of the first Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem/ Nikita Elisseeff -- The subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant/ Benjamin Z. Kedar