Includes bibliographical references (p. 367-370) and index.
The middle world -- The hijra -- Birth of the khalifate -- The schism -- Empire of the Umayyads -- The Abassid age -- Scholars, philosophers, and sufis -- Enter the Turks -- Havoc -- Rebirth -- Meanwhile in Europe -- West comes East -- The reform movements -- Industry, constitutions, and nationalism -- Rise of the secular modernists -- The crisis of modernity -- The tide turns.